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I)
PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II:
Contents:
A) Theoretical Part:
1- Aryl Halides : 3 and 1/2 Hrs
Definition, Nomenclature,
Methods of preparation, Physical properties, Chemical
properties (Formation of Grignard reagents, Nucleophilic
Aromatic Substitution - replacement by -OH group -
replacement by -NH2 group), The Mechanism of Nucleophilic
Aromatic Substitution , Nucleophilic Substitution of
Substituted Aryl Halides , Electrophilic Aromatic
Substitution , Other Reactions ( Wurtz-Fitting Reaction ,
Ullman Synthesis ) , The Influence of Substituents on
Reactivity in Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
(Electron-releasing groups, Electron-withdrawing groups),
Influence of substituents on orientation in Nucleophilic
Aromatic substitution, Comparison of Aliphatic and Aromatic
Nucleophilic substitutions.
2- Nitro Compounds :3 Hrs
Structure of Nitro Group , The
Importance of Nitro Compounds , General Methods of
Preparation ( Aliphatic and Aromatic ) , Reactions of Nitro
Compounds ( Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Substitutions ,
Reduction Under Different Conditions ) .
3- Diazonium Salts :2 Hrs
Definition , Nomenclature ,
Methods of Preparation , The Mechanism of Diazotisation ,
Physical Properties , Chemical Properties ( Replacement by
-Cl , -Br or -CN Sandmeyer’s Reaction , Replacement by -I ,
Replacement by -F , Replacement by -OH , Replacement by -H ,
Replacement by Aryl Group ,Reduction to Hydrazines ,
Coupling with Tertiary Amines , Reactions of Primary and
Secondary Amines .
4- Phenols :4 Hrs
Definitions , Nomenclature ,
Preparations of Phenols , Physical Properties and Hydrogen
Bonding , Chemical Properties ( Acidity and Effect of
Substituents on Acidity of Phenols , Ether
Formation-Williamson Synthesis , Ester Formation ,
Halogenation , Nitration , Sulphonation , Friedel-Crafts
Alkylation and Acylation , Koble Reaction , and Reimer -
Tiemann Reaction , Phthalein Reaction with Ferric Chloride )
.
5- Sulphonic Acids and Their
Derivatives : 2 Hrs
Definition, Nomenclature,
Preparations, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties
(Reactions due to Ionisable Hydrogen- acidity- salt
formation, Formation of Functional Derivatives - formation
of sulphonyl chlorides , Replacement of Sulphonic Acid Group
by -H , by -OH Group , by -NH Group , Reactions of Aromatic
Nucleus , Derivatives of Sulphonic Acid ( Chloramine T ,
Halazone , Saccharin , Sulphanilamide ) .
6- Polynuclear Aromatic
Compounds :2 and 1/2 Hrs
Definition , Bonding in
Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds ( Naphthalene , Anthracene ,
Phenanthrene ) , Naphthalene , Nomenclature and Isomerism of
Naphthalene Derivatives , Physical Properties of Naphthalene
, Chemical Properties of Naphthalene ( Substitution
reactions , Halogenation , Nitration , Sulphonation ,
Friedel-Craft’s Reactions , The Mechanism of Substitution in
Naphthalene , Addition Reactions , Reduction , Addition of
Halogens , Oxidation , Orientation of Substitution in
Naphthalene and Its Derivatives , Effect of Activating and
Deactivating Groups ) , Anthracene , Phenanthrene .
7- Heterocyclic Compounds :14
Hrs
Definition , Nomenclature of
Monocyclic Rings Containing One or More Heteroatoms (
Pyrrole , Furan , Thiophen , Imidazole , Oxazole , Thiazole
, Pyrazole , 3-Pyrrroline , Pyrrolidine , Pyridine ,
Pyrimidine and Purine ) , Nomenclature of Bicyclic Rings
Containing One or More Heteroatoms ( Purine , Quinoline ,
Isoquinoline , Carbazole ) , Aromaticity of Heterocyclic
Compounds , Five-membered Heterocyclic Compounds ( with One
or Two Heteroatoms), Electrophilic Substitution of Five-membered
Rings, Six-membered Heterocyclic Compounds with One Oxygen
as a Heteroatom ( -Pyran , -Pyran , -Pyrone ,-Pyrone and
Their Derivatives), Six-membered Heterocyclic Compounds with
One Nitrogen as a Heteroatom ( Pyridine, Quinoline, Acridine
and Their Derivatives), Reactions of Six-membered
Heterocyclic Compounds, Six-memebered Heterocyclic Compounds
with Two Heteroatoms ( Pyridazine , Pyrimidine , Pyrazine
and Their Derivatives ) , Condensed Systems Consisting of
Pyrazine Ring Fused with Two Benzene Rings ( Phenazine ,
Phenoxazine , Phenthiazine and Their Properties ) ,
Condensed Systems of Purine and Alloxazine , Purine Group (
Hypoxanthine , Xanthine , Uric Acid , and Their Derivatives
) , Group of Alloxazine and Isoalloxazine and Their
Properties , Alkalouds , General Properties of Alkalouds ,
Reactions of Alkalouds ( The Formation of Simple Insoluble
Salts such as Reaction with Tannin , Reaction with Picric
Acid , The Formation of Double ( Complex) Salts such as
Reaction with Mercuric Chloride , Reaction with Iodine
Solution , Reaction with Bismuth Iodide ) , Alkalouds
Classification ( Pyridine and Piperidine Alkalouds Group ,
Quinoline Alkalouds Group , Isoquinoline Alkalouds Group,
Isoquinolinophenanthrene Alkalouds Group , Tropane Alkalouds
Group ).
8- Spectroscopy :
A- Elemental Analysis : 3 Hrs
Elemental Analysis and
Calculations ( Qualitative Elemental Analysis , Quantitative
Elemental Analysis , Determination of the Molecular Weight (
by the Vapour Density Method , by the Cryoscopic Method , by
the Rast Method , by the Neutralisation Equivalent , and by
the Vapour Pressure Osmometry Method ) , Molecular Formulas
, The Index of Hydrogen Deficiency .
B- Electronic Absorption
Spectroscopy ( UV /VIS ) :6 Hrs
Definition , Electronic Energy
Changes , Principles of Absorption Spectroscopy , The
Relationship of max and max to Structure , Solvents ,
Chrmophores , The Effect of Conjugation , The Woodward-Fieser
Rules for Dienes , Carbonyl Compounds , Solvent Shifts ( A
More Detailed Examination ) , Aromatic Compounds ,
Substituents with Unshared Electrons , Substituents Capable
of -Conjugation , Electron Releasing and Electron
Withdrawing Effects , Disubstituted Benzene Derivatives ,
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Compounds
, Model Compound Studies , Visible Spectra - Colour in
Compounds .
C- Infrared Spectroscopy :4 Hrs
Introduction , The
Infrared Absorption Process, Uses of the IR Specrum , The
Modes of Vibration and Bending ( Symmetric and Asymmetric
Stretching Vibrations , and In-plane and Out of Plane
Bending Vibrations ) , Bond Properties and Absorption
Trends, Examining IR Spectra , Correlation Charts and Tables
, Analysis of IR Spectrum
D- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (
NMR ) Spectroscopy : 5 and 1/2 Hrs
Introduction, Nuclear Spin
States , Nuclear Magnetic Moments , Absorption of Energy ,
The Mechanism of Absorption ( Resonance ) , The Chemical
Shift and Shielding , The NMR Spectrometer , Chemical
Equivalence - Integrals , Chemical Environmental and
Chemical Shifts , Local Diamagnetic Shielding (
Electronegativity Effects , Hybridisation Effects , Acidic
and Exchangeable Protons , Hydrogen Bonding ) , Magnetic
Anisotropy , Spin - Spin Splitting ( N+1 ) Rule , The Origin
of Spin-Spin Splitting , Pascal’s Triangle , The Coupling
Constant .
E- Mass Spectroscopy ( MS ) :3
and 1/2 Hrs
The Mass Spectrometer , The
Mass Spectrum , Molecular Weight Determination , Molecular
Formulas from Isotope Ratio Data , Some Fragmentation
Patterns , Additional Topics.
B) Practical Course in
Organic Chemistry
Organic Synthesis :
A- Acetylation :- acetanilide -
ethylacetate - aspirin - pentacetylglucose -
salicylamide
B - Addition : - osazones -
hydrazones
C - Aromatic Electrophilic
Substitution : nitrobenzene - 2,4-dinitrotoluene
- azodyes
D - Reactions Involving
Cyclization :- hexamine ( hexamethylenetetramine )-
norantipyrine ( norphenazone )
E - Miscellaneous : -
iodoform ., Spectroscopic Techniques .
A- Infrared spectroscopy :
- schematic
diagram of IR spectrophotometer
- the
principle of IR spectrophotometer
-
interpretation of spectra for different compounds
B- UV/VIS spectroscopy :
- schematic
diagram of UV/VIS spectrophotometer
- the
principle of UV/VIS spectrophotometer
-
interpretation of spectra (absorption bands for important
functional groups)
C- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR):
- schematic
diagram of NMR spectrophotometer
- the
principle of NMR spectrophotometer
-
interpretation of spectra for different compounds
D- Mass Spectroscopy ( MS ) :
- schematic
diagram of MS spectrophotometer
- the
principle of MS spectrophotometer
-
interpretation of spectra for different compounds
II) PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY-II:
A)Theoretical
Part:
1- Acid-base titrations
General considerations on
titrimetric analysis, Theoretical bases on neutralization
reactions, Neutraliztion indicators, colourimetric
determination of pH, Neutraliztion titration curves,
Applications of neutralization reaction, Titration in
non-aqueous media.
2- Redox titrations
Redox theory, Redox indicators,
Redox reactions involving iodine, Redox reactions involving
potassium permanganate, Redox reactions involving potassium
dichromat, General applications of redox reactions.
3- Potentiometric Methods
Introduction, End point
determination, Application of potentiometric titrations.
4- Polarography and Amperometry
5- Conductometry
6- Spectrophotometric Analysis
light and radiation,
interaction of photos with matter, Spectral band
characterization, Types of electronic transitions,
Absorption characterization of chromophores, Calculation of
wavelength of maximum absorption, Solvents and buffer
effects, Instrumentation, Quantitative spectrphotometry,
Application of spectrphotometry.
7-Solvent Extraction:
The distribution coefficient,
The distribution ratio, The percent extracted, Analytical
separations, Solid-phase extraction, Solid-phase extraction
by flow injection analysis.
Chromatographic methods
Principles of chromatography,
Classifications of chromatography techniques, Techniques of
column chromatography, Column efficiency in chromatography,
Ion exchange chromatography, Gas chromatography,
High-performance liquid chromatography, Paper
chromatography, Thin-layer chromatography., Eletrophoresis.
B) Practical Part:
Simple acid radicals (groups I
, II-III and mixtures)., Acid radical mixtures without
interference and with interference., Interfering acid
radical mixtures., Organic acid radicals.
Basic radicals (silver group,
copper-arsenic group, iron group, zinc group,
alkaline-earths group, alkali metal group)., Interference in
cation analysis (oxidizing agents, organic matter,
insolubles, phosphate).,Preciptimetric titrations:,
Determination of chloride by Mohr's and Fajan's method,
bromide by Volhard's method., Determination of zinc salts.,
Determination of chloride and iodide mixture., Determination
of HgCl2., Complexometric titrations:
Determination of Cu2+, of
mixture of (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and of Zn2+, Gravimetric
analysis:
Determination of Ca2+ as
oxalate, and Ni2+ as dimethylglyoximate.
III) GENERAL PHARMACOGNOSY:
Contents:
A) Theoretical Part:
The Course deals with the study
of the drugs of natural origin, emphasizing the following:
Definition, Botanical origin,
Geographical source, History, Collection and
preparation Macro- and
microscopical characters, Characters of the powdered drug,
Active constituents
Chemical tests, Action and uses
of the drug.
Introduction
Definition, importance and
function of pharmacognosy, crude, official and unofficial
drugs.
Nomenclature of drugs:
(botanical, geographical and commercial sources of drugs).
Classification of drugs:
(alphabetical, taxonomical, morphological, pharmacological
and chemical).
Cultivation: (disadvantages of
collecting wild plants, advantage of cultivation).
Collection: (time of the year,
time of the day, stage of the development of the plant,
general rules of collection).
Drying: (Natural methods,
artificial methods, changes occurring after drying)
Preservation and protection of
crude drug: (deterioration during storage, physicochemical
factors, biological factors, methods to destroy and control
of insects).
Adulteration: (sophistication,
substitution, admixture and deterioration).
Chemistry of the active
constituents: (food storage products such as starch,
proteins and fixed oils and fats, products of metabolism
such as crystals, gums and mucilage, resins, tannins,
alkaloids, volatile oils and glycosides).
Medicinal leaves
Introduction to morphological
and anatomical description of the leaves, Study of the
following medicinal leaves: Digitalis, Senna, Stramonium,
Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Bucho, Boldo, Coca, Jaborandi,
Uva-Ursi, Ivy and Henna.
Medicinal barks
Introduction to morphological
and anatomical description of the bark, Study of the
following medicinal barks: Cinchona, Cinnamon, Cassia,
Cascara, Frangula, Quillaia, Pomegranate, Hamamelis and
Galls.
Medicinal subterranean organs
(Roots and Rhizomes)
Introduction to roots,
rhizomes, bulbs, corms, stem tubers and root tubers, Study
of the following medicinal subterranean organs: Liquorice,
Ipecacuanha, Rauwolfia, Senega, Ginger, Colchicum, Squill,
Valerian, Ginseng, Rhubarb, Filix-mas, Curcuma, Podophylum,
Aconite, Jalap, Veratrum, Sarsaparilla, and Kava-kava,
Krameria.
Medicinal flowers
Introduction to flowers, flower
buds inflorescence and placentation, Study of the following
medicinal flowers: Cloves, Chamomile, Pyrethrum, Arnica,
Tilia, Santonica, Lavender and Saffron.
Medicinal seeds
Introduction, macroscopical and
microscopical characters of seeds., Study of the following
medicinal seeds: Cardamom, Colchicum, Nux-vomica, Linseed,
Nutmeg, Black and white Mustard, Fenugreek, Clabar and
Nigella.
Medicinal fruits
Definition and introduction,
classification, microscopical and macroscopical characters
of fruits, Study of the following medicinal fruits: Ammi
vinaga, Anise, Fennel, Caraway, Capsicum, Ammi majus,
Star-Anis, Coriander, Vanilla, and Senna.
Medicinal herbs
Introduction to herbs, Study of
the following medicinal herbs: Ergot, Indian hemp,
Catharanthus, Lobelia, Peppermint, Thyme, Passiflora, and
Ephedra.
Medicinal Unorganized drugs
Definition, classification,
chemical and physical properties., Study of medicinal resins
and resin-combinations: Colophony, Myrrh, Tolu peru, Tolu
Balsam, Olibanum, and Benzoin., Study of the medicinal gums:
Gum arabic, Tragacanth., Study of the medicinal latex:
Opium., Study of the medicinal juice: Aloe., Study of the
medicinal extracts: Agar, Gelatin, and Kino.
Practical Part:
Laboratory work deals with the
morphological, microscopical and chemical characterization
of certain important drugs and their powders that have been
treated in the theoretical part.
IV) PHARMACEUTICS-II:
Contents:
A) Theoretical Part:
I) Coarse Dispersions:
1- Suspensions:
Interfacial properties, Setting and sedimentation
parameters, Formulation of suspensions. Pharmaceutical
suspension product: (oral - magma - milk - mixtures -
lotions), Assessment of suspensions.
2- Emulsions:
Theory and types, Formulation, Physical stability,
Pharmaceutical emulsion products, Evaluation of emulsion
stability.
II) Semisolid Dosage Forms:
1. Ointments: Percutaneous
absorption, Types of ointment bases, Methods of preparation,
Pharmaceutical application.
2-
Gels 3-
Pastes 4- Creams
III) Rheology:
Newtonian systems,
Non-Newtonian systems, Thixotropy, Determination of
rheological properties, Application in pharmacy
IV) Suppositories:
Rectal drug absorption, Types
of bases, Methods of preparation, Pharmaceutical uses
V) Aerosols:
Components of aerosol package,
Formulation of pharmaceutical aerosols, Selection of
components, Manufacturing of pharmaceutical aerosol, Quality
control
VI) Micrometrics:
Particle size distribution,
Methods of particle size determination, Particle shape and
surface area, Surface area determination, Pore size.
VII) Solid Dosage Forms:
1- Tablets:
Tablets ingredients, Tablet
preparation, Problems in tablet manufacture, Types and
classes, Tablet coating, Quality control.
2- Hard and soft gelatin
capsules:
Reasons for encapsulation,
Composition of the shell, Formulation, Machineries used,
Problems encountered, Quality control.
3- Powder and granules:
Definition, Classification,
Advantages and disadvantages, Problems encountered.
VIII) Sustained release dosage
form:
a- drug
selection
b-
sustained release oral products
c- sustained release parentral products
d- new trends in sustained
release dosage forms
IX) Laws Governing the Practice
of Pharmacy:
B) Practical Part:
1- Measurement of viscosity by
ostwald viscometer, effect of glycerin concentration.
2- Preparation of emulsion. O/w
emulsion, W/o emulsion.
3- Preparation of suspensions;
Dispersible drugs, Using wetting agents, suspending agents.
4- Determination of
sedimentation rate.
5- Preparation of ointments and
creams
Simple ointment, Cold cream,
Vanishing cream.
6- Preparation of suppositories
using different suppository bases , and calculation of
displacement value.
7-Preparation of divided
powders : packet
8- Determination angle of
ripose and effect of glidants.
9- Preparation of effervescent
granules.
10- Determination of void
volume (pore size).
11- Filling of capsules( punch
method)
12- Preparation of selected
compressed tablets.
V) PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY:
Contents:
A) Theoretical Part:
I) Medical Bacteriology:
a- Bacteria, organization,
structure, and taxonomy.
b- Growth and nutrition of
bacteria.
c- Bacterial
genetics.
d- Laboratory methods of
bacterial disease diagnostic.
II) Medically Important
Bacteria:
a- Gram-positive cocci -
Staphylococci – Streptococci,
b- Gram-negative cocci -
Neissseriae
c- Gram-positive rods -
Bacillus - Colstridium – Corynebacterium,
d- Gram-negative rods -
Pseudomonas - Vibrio Cholerae - Bordetella - Haemophilus
e- Escherichia -Salmonella -Shigella
-Proteus -Serratia-Marcescens - Bacteroids – Legionella.
f- Mycoplasmas - Chlamydiae -
Rickttsiae
III) Antibiotics:
Antibiotics and synthetic
antimicrobial agents, Mechanism of action of antibiotics,
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics, Clinical uses of
antimicrobial drugs, Chemical disinfectants, antiseptics and
preservatives, Antimycotic and antiviral drugs (their
mechanism of action), Principles and practice of
sterilization - Sterility testing - Sterile pharmaceutical
products, Bacteriophages - Microbial genetics
IV) Virology:
General properties of viruses,
Classification of viruses, DNA containing viruses
RNA containing viruses,
Principles of virus structure - reproduction of viruses
Measuring the size of viruses,
Chemical composition of viruses, Cultivation and assay of
viruses, Quantitation of viruses, Purification and
identification of viruses
V) Immunity:
Immunogenicity and antigenic
specifity, Innate immunity, Barriers against infection
Phagocytic cell kill
micro-organism, Complement facilitates phagocytosis, Humoral
mechanism provide a second strategy, Extera cellular
killing, The need for specific immune mechanism,
Immunglobulins:, Nature of immunoglobines - Basic structure
and terminology
Biological activities of
immunoglobine molecules, Serologic reactions:, Allergy
hypersensitivity reactions, Classification of
hypersensitivity
VI) Mycology:
1- Genral properties of fungi,
2- Classification of fungi, 3- Medically important fungi:
Superficial mycosis, Cutaneous
mycosis,Systemic mycosis, Pathogenic yeasts: (Candida
albicars - Cryptocollrs neoformans)
B) Practical Part:
Selected experiments on the
above topics.
VI) BIOCHEMISTRY:
Contents:
A)Theoretical Part :
I- Carbohydrate Chemistry:
(Carbohydrates: Chemistry,
Digestion and Absorption.)
1- Classification:
mono-, di-
and polysaccharides
2- Monosaccharides:
subclasses, D, L- cyclic, chain structure and rotation (+&-)
2.1- General properties:
a- Formation of esters,
6-phosphate esters
b- Reduction
c- Action of
acids
d-
Oxidation of sugars
e- Osazone
formation
f- Yeast
fermentation
2.2- Derivatives:
a- 2-deoxysugars
b- amino sugars
c- sugar
alcohol
d- sugar acids
3-Disaccharides:
General
properties, Structure, Reducing, Non-reducing maltose, lctose, Sucrose, Cellobiose.
4-Trisaccharides examples.
5- Polysaccharides:
General properties, Structure.
5.1- Homopolysaccharides:
Starches (Amylose, Amylopectine, Dextrine, Glycogen and
Cellulose)
5.2- Mucopolysaccharides:
Classification, Structure, Hyalauronic acid,
Heparin,Condroitins.
5.3- Digestion: Amylases
(Salivary, Pancreatic), Maltases, Lactases, Sucrases.
5.4- Absorption: Different
theories.
II- Lipid Chemistry:
(Lipids: Chemistry, Digestion
and Absorption.)
Classification:
simple, compound.
1.1- Simple lipid: structure,
fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated).
1.2- Natural fats: simple,
mixed, physical and chemical properties, Hydrolysis of fats,
Saponification, Iodine No., Rancidity, hydrogenation of
oils.
1.3- Waxes: Bee's wax,
Lanoline.
2-Compound lipids:
General structure.
2.1- Phospholipids:
phosphatidic acid, lecithins, cephaleins, lipositols,
sphingomyelins, galactolipids, lipoproteins (structure,
properties for each).
2.2- Steroids: nucleus,
structure of cholesterol and other steroids.
2.3- Digestion: lipase, bile
salts.
2.4- Absorption: abstract of
absorption.
III- Protein Chemistry:
(Proteins, amino acids and
nucleic acids: Chemistry, Digestion and Absorption.)
1- Amino acids: Classification,
Structure (neutral, acidic, basic) and subclasses.
2- Properties of amino acids:
general, amino and carboxylic properties (some of each).
Polypeptides and protein structure.
3- Properties of proteins:
general, denaturation, colour reactions, precipitation (with
salts, alkaloidal reagents, heavy metals).
4- Classification of proteins
IV- Vitamins:
Fat soluble and water soluble.
V- Enzymes:
General properties, Factors affecting them
Theoretical Part -2:
General Basic Metabolism
I) Carbohydrate Metabolism:
1- Absorption - Passive
diffusion - Active transport
2- Terminology: (Hyperglycaemia
- Hypoglycaemia - Glucosuria - Glycogenesis - Glycogenolysis
- Glycolysis - Gluconeogenesis - Fate of absorbed sugar in
the liver).
3- Glucose oxidation (Glycolysis):
a- Anaerobic phase (Embden-Meyerhoff
Pathway), with special reference to enzymes, Pasteur effect
and fermentation.
b- Aerobic phase (Kreb's
Cycle):
-Oxidative decarboxylation of
pyruvic acid to Acetyl-CoA.
-Reaction steps involved in
Kreb's Cycle with reference to enzymes and Co-enzymes
required for each step.
-Link between proteins
(glycogenic amino acids), carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
-Significance of Kreb's Cycle.
-Energy yields from complete
oxidation of one molecule of glucose.
-Glycogenesis and
glycogenolysis in liver and muscles with special reference
to enzymes and hormonal control (effect of adrenaline and
insulin), different between liver and muscle glycogen.
-Glucogenesis importance,
metabolism, sources of control.
-Role of the liver in
carbohydrate metabolism and energy for muscle contraction.
4- Blood glucose:
a- Sources, removal, factors
affecting blood glucose level (tissue and hormonal)
b- Metabolic changes occuring
in Diabetes mellitus.
c- Pentose phosphate pathway (XMP-Shunt).
II) Lipid Metabolism:
1- Digestion and absorption of
lipids - lipids of the body.
2- Blood lipids, plasma
lipoproteins - oxidation of fats, fatty acids - biogenesis
of fatty acids - ketogenesis, ketoses, ketolysis.
3- Regulation of lipogenesis -
carnitine - biosynthesis of glycerides - biosynthesis of
phospholipids.
4- Degradation of phospholipids
- function of phospholipids.
5- Metabolism of essential and
non-essential fatty acids.
6- Propionate metabolism -
metabolism of cholestrol.
7- Cholesterol and
atherosclerosis - role of liver in lipid metabolism - fatty
liver and lipotropic factors.
III) Protein Metabolism:
1- Digestion and absorption -
biological value of proteins.
2- Essential and non-essential
amino acids - nitrogen balance.
3- Amino acid pool - general
metabolic reactions of proteins.
4- Fate of ammonia - fate of
keto acids - D/N ratio.
5- Protein biosynthesis -
creatine, creatinine.
6- Special metabolic pathways
of amino acids: Glycine - sulphur containing amino acids (cysteine,
cystine and methionine) - phenylalanine - tyrosine -
tryptophane - histidine basic amino acids (arginine and
lysine) - acidic amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic
acid).
7- Metabolism of
nucleoproteins:
Catabolism of purines and
pyrimidines.
B) Practical Part:
1- Blood glucose.
2- Glucose tolerance test
(normal - abnormal).
3- Estimation of:
a- serum proteins
b-
serum albumin,
c- blood urea,
d- blood uric
acid,
e- blood creatinine,
f- total lipids
VII) PHARMACOLOGY (1) :
A) Theoretical:
1-
General pharmacology.
2-
Principles of drug actions.
a-
Pharmacokinetics
b-
pharmacodynamics
3-
Autonomic Drugs
a-
parasympathomimetics
b-
parasympatholytics
c-
sympathomimetics
d-
sympatholytics
e-
drugs acting on autonomic ganglia
4-
Autacoids
a-
endogenous amines
b-
polypeptides
c-
lipids
5-
Local anesthetics
6-
Drugs acting on GIT.
7-
Drugs acting on the respiratory system
B- Practical Part:
Experimental on locally acting
drugs.
Astrigents, demulcents and
emollients.
Acting of drugs on the CNS.
General stimulants.
General depressants.
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