I) General
Chemistry
II) GENERAL
PHYSICS
III) BIOLOGY
(ZOOLOGY)
IV) BIOSTATISTICS
V) PSYCHOLOGY AND
MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY:
I) General Chemistry
Objectives:
This course aims to present the
highlights of chemistry and its applications in a brief and
suitable manner with relevancy to pharmacy.
Contents:
A) Theoretical Part:
B) Practical Part:
1. Measurements and their Units
Length, Volume, Mass, Density, Temperature, Energy,
Concentration.
2. Atomic Structure and the
Periodic Table:4 hours
Atomic spectra, Electric nature
of atom, Electron configuration, Periodic table, Properties
related to the periodic table (Atomic radius,
Electronegativity, ionization energy), Atomic weight, Atomic
number.
3. Bonding and molecular
structure:3 hours
Types of bonds (ionic bond, covalent bond,
co-ordinate bond, hydrogen bond, Polar bonds, Polar
molecules, Double and triple bonds, Sigma (
σ
) and Pi (
л
) bonds, Intermolecular forces of attraction).
4. Matter and its Properties:2
hours
Definition of matter (States of
matter, Composition of matter, Properties of matter, Law of
Conservation of matter, Law of definite proportions, Law of
multiple proportions), Chemical formulas (empirical formula,
molecular formula).
5. Energy and Conservation of
Energy:
Definition of energy, Forms of
energy, Law of conservation of energy.
6. Steriochiometry and
ChemicalCalculations:3 hours
Balanced equations,
Calculations based on Chemical equations, The mole,
Avogadro’s number, Equivalent weight, Theoretical Yield and
percentage Yield, Percentage Composition, Concentrations of
solutions [Percentage concentration (% w/w; % w/v; % v/v),
Molar concentration, Formal Concentration, Normal
concentration], Preparing dilute solutions from concentrated
Solutions.
7. Acids and Bases:3 hrs
Definition of acids and bases (Arrhenius
theory, Bronsted-Lowry theory, Lewis theory), Factors
influencing the strengths of acids, Acid–Base equilibria in
aqueous solution (Ionization of Water, pH, Dissociation of
Weak electrolytes, Dissociation of polyprotic acids,
Buffers), Acid-Base titration: the Equivalent point (Strong
acid - strong base titration, Acid - base indicators).
8. The kinetic Bases of
Chemical Reactions:4 / hrs
The significance of Kinetics –
the rates of chemical reactions, The order of a reaction,
The rate constant, Reversible and irreversible reactions,
Classification of Kinetic reaction, Molecular and order of
reaction, Irreversible reaction – First Order, Irreversible
reaction – Second Order, Complex chemical reaction, The
Order Determination Methods of Chemical Reactions, Chemical
equilibrium (The law of Mass Action, Kinetics and
Equilibrium, Le Chatelier’s principle and Chemical
equilibrium, effect of changing the concentration on
equilibrium, effect of temperature on equilibrium, effect of
pressure on equilibrium, effect of catalyst on the position
of equilibrium), Activation energy, The Arrhenius equation:
relating temperature and reaction rate.
9. Gases:2 hrs
Volume and pressure, Boyle’s
law, Charles’s law, Law of Gay–Lussac, Ideal gas Law,
Combined gas law, Avagadro’s law (the mole concept), Real
gases.
10. Liquids, Solids and Phase
Changes:3 hrs
Liquids (Volume and shape,
Compression and expansion, Diffusion, Surface tension,
Kinetics of liquids), Heat of Vaporization and heat of
fusion, Raoult’s law and vapor pressure, Boiling point and
melting point, Solids (Phase diagram, Phase equilibrium).
11. Properties of Solutions:2
hrs
Water as a solvent (Types of
solutions and the concentration units, Heats of solution,
Solubility and temperature, Effect of pressure on
solubility, Vapor pressures of solutions, Osmosis and
osmotic pressure, Dialysis and the blood Stream, Interionic
attractions).
12. Chemical Thermodynamics:4
hrs
Some commonly used terms in
thermodynamics (System, Homogeneous system, Heterogenous
system, Phase, Isolated system, Thermodynamic function,
Reversible and irreversible processes, Isothermal process,
Isochoric process, Isobaric process, Exothermic process,
Endothermic process), The first law of thermodynamics,
Enthalpy (Heats of reaction, Hess’s law of heat summation,
Standard states, Bond energies, Spontaneity of Chemical
reactions), Entropy (The second law of thermodynamics,
Standard Entropies and free energies).
13. Oxidation and Reduction:3
hrs
Oxidation reduction reactions,
Balancing oxidation–reduction reactions (using the oxidation
number method, the ion–electron method), Oxidation–reduction
potential, Equivalent of substance in oxidation–reduction
reactions.
14. Complex Compounds:2 hrs
Definition of a complex
compound, Complex ion (Central atom, Ligand, Chelate),
Coordination number, Bonding in complex compounds, Reactions
of complex compounds, The dissociation constant of complex
ion, Application of complex compounds (water treatment,
dyes, chemical analysis, Plant growth, Therapeutic chelating
agents), Complex Compounds in living systems.
15. The Bases of Theoretical
Organic Chemistry:24 hrs
Introduction, Classification of
organic compounds, Functional groups and their nomenclature,
Hybridisation of atomic orbitals of carbon atom
CH 3 – CH 3
CH 2 = CH 2 CH = CH
- SP 3
- SP 2
- SP
Chemical reactions in Organic
chemistry [general aspects, reaction mechanism,
classification of reactions, classification of reagents (Nucleophiles,
Electrophiles, Free radical)], Charge distribution in
organic molecules, Inductive effect (Inductive
polarization), Mesomeric effect (mesomeric polarization) and
PI electron delocalization, Energy changes during reactions
(Bond dissociation energy, Heat of reaction, Activation
energy, Transition state, Progress of reaction), Acidity and
basicity of organic compounds (general concepts, measurement
of acidity and basicity, acidity of carboxylic acids and
phenols, effect of substituents on acidity, basicity of
aliphatic and aromatic amines, effect of substituents on
basicity, basicity of amides, imides, sulphonamides,
amidines and guanidines), Nucleophilic substitution and
elimination reactions (Physical properties of alkyl halides,
Bimolecular and unimoleculor reactions (SN 2 and
SN 1), Elimination reactions (E 1 and
E 2), Factors affecting substitution and
elimination reactions (Structure, Leaving group, Nucleophile,
Solvent), Selected examples of reactions, Addition
elimination reactions of carbonyl compounds (introduction,
reactivity of aldehydes, Ketones and carboxylic acid
derivatives, factors influencing the rate of nucleophilic
addition to carbonyls, addition of H2O , CH3
CH2 OH , cyanide and acetylide, Grignard
reagents, hydrides, Addition to – C = N , Enolate anions
and enols, Condensation reactions), Electrophilic addition
reactions (electrophilic addition of HCL, H2O and
Br2 , free radical addition, polymerisation,
cycloaddition), Aromatic substitution reactions [aromaticity,
mechanism of elechrophilic substitution, halogenation,
nitration, sulphonation, Freidel–Crafts alkylation and
acylation, Substituent effects in aromatic chemistry
(Reactivity and orientation, Nucleophilic aromatic
substitution), Chemistry of Amines (formation of amines,
nucleophilic substitution, amides, Imines and Gabriel
synthesis, diazonium ions as electrophiles, azo compounds,
Hoffmann elimination, Quaternary ammonium compounds),
Chemistry of amino acids, peptides and proteins, Chemistry
of carbohydrates, Chemistry of lipids, Chemistry of nucleic
acids.
16. Isotopes and
Radioactivity: 4 hrs
Nature of Atoms, Isotopes and Radioisotopes,
Types of Radioactive Decay (Decay by negative – beta
(electron) emission, Decay by positive – beta (positron)
emission, Decay by electron capture, Decay by
γ
–radiation, Decay by
α
-particle emission), properties of Radioactive Emissions
(Energy of
β
-particle emissions, Interaction of
β
-particles with their environment, Gamma radiation and its
interaction with matter), kinetics of Radioactive Decay (The
radioactive process, The rate of radioactive process, The
radioactive decay law, The half–life equation of
radioisotope), Units Used in Radioactive Measurements (The
electron volt, The Curie: the unit of radioactive
disintegration), Applications in the Use of radioisotopes,
The Quantitative Determination of Compounds by Use of
Radioisotopes.
B) Practical Part:
Identification of simple
organic compounds and volumetric analysis
II) GENERAL PHYSICS:
Contents:
A) Theoretical Part:
B) Practical Part:
Linear and circular motion.
Force, Work and energy, Conservation of energy, Momentum and
angular momentum.
Elasticity. Pressure of fluids,
Surface tension. Bernouilli's equation, Laminar and
turbulent flow of viscous fluid, Poiseuille's law.
Temperature and heat energy,
Heat transfer, Radiation, Conduction, Specific heat, First
law of thermodynamics and its applications, Diffusion and
osmosis.
Wave motion and sound,
Intensity level, Decibel, The ear and hearing, Loudness
contours, Ultrasonic waves.
Electric field and potential,
Capacitance, Membrane potentials and nerve impules, Electric
current and power, Electrolysis, Effects of electric current
in the human body, Magnetic field, Electromagnetic blood
flowmeter, Electrocardiography, Pacemaker, Electromagnetic
induction, Inductance, D/C and A/C circuits.
Electromagnetic radiation and
spectrum, Wave propagation of light, colour and spectra,
Lenses and mirrors and their aberrations, The eye and
defects of vision, Interference and diffraction of light,
Resolving power, Visual acuity, Optical and electron
microscopes.
Applications on various topics
in biosciences.
B) Practical Part:
Selected experiments on the
above topics.
III) BIOLOGY (ZOOLOGY):
Contents:
A) Theoretical Part:
B) Practical Part:
Microbiology new:
1- The chemistry of life: 2 hr
• Introduction.
• Major groups of organic
compounds important inorganisms including:
carbohydrates, lipids and
nucleic acids (DPA & RNA) many biological molecules are
polymers. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins DPA & RNA.
2- Organization of the cell:4
hr
• The cell is the basic unit of
life
• Cell
size. •
Light microscope and EM.
• Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic. • The cell nucleus.
• Ribosome Manufacture
Proteins. • The endoplasmic Reticulum.
• Lysosomes.
• Peroxisomes.
•
Vacuoles. •
Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
3- Biological membranes:2 hr
• Biological membrane are lipid
bilayer with associated proteins.
• Selective permeable.
• Cocytosis and ordocytosis.
• Junctions.
4- Energy transfer through
living system : 2 hr
• Metabolic reactions involve
energy transformations.
• ATP is the energy currency of
the cell.
• Cell transfer energy by Redox
reactions.
• Enzyme are chemical
regulators.
5- Energy - Releasing pathways
and photosynthesis : 2 hr
• Respiration.
• Photosynthesis.
6- The continuity of life
genetics: 2 hr
• Chromosmes.
• Mitosis and
Meiosis.
• Cell cycle.
7- DNA: The carrier of genetic
information:2 hr.
• Evidence that DNA is the
hereditary material.
• DNA
replication.
• DNA in chromosomes.
8- RNA and protein synthesis:2
hr
• The expression of genetic
information.
9- Gene Regulation. The control
of Gene expression:2 hr
• Gene regulation in
prokaryotes.
• Gene regulation in Ekaryotes.
10-Genetic Engineering:2 hr
• Recombinant
DNA.
• Application of Genetic
engineering.
11- Genes and developments:2 hr
• Cellular Differentiation
usually dose not involve changes in DNA.
• Atotipotent nucleus contain
all the information required to direct normal development.
• Most differences among cells
are due to differential gene expression.
• Mammalian
cloning.
Total 24 Hours.
B) Practical Part:
Dissecting kit, Technical
drawing, the use of the microscope
The study of cell components:
Tissues: epithelial - connective - muscular - nervous
tissues.
Major animal phylla: protozoa -
amoeba - euglena - paramecium - plasmodium.
Coelenterata:
hydra - obelia - medusa., Platyhelminthes: faciola hepatica
- taenia soleum and taenia saginata., Eschelminthes: ascaris
- lumbricoides ., Annelides: the earthworm, Mallusca: the
fresh water snail - the oyster., Crustacea: the shrimp.,
Insecta: the cockroach or the mosquito (colex and
anopheles)., Chordates: amphioxis - the frog or the rabbit
(general dissection)., Osteology of the rabbit.
IV) BIOSTATISTICS:
Objectives:
To enable pharmacy students of
using scientific methods of collecting, summarizing,
presenting and analyzing data.
-To decide specific statistical
technique in order to analyze available data.
-To draw valid conclusion of
specific health problem.
-To make reasonable decision on
the basis of health analysis.
Contents:
1- Selected definitions:
Statistics, population,
sampling, variables, graphs, functions, discrete and
continuous distribution, data. etc...
2- Frequency distribution (F.D.):
Definitions, methods of
computing F.D, relative F.D, cumulative F.D, double F.D.
3- Average and other measures
of central tendency:
The averages, arithmetic
mean, weighted arithmetic mean, arithmetic mean for grouped
and ungrouped data, mode, median, geometric mean, harmonic
mean, quadratic mean.
4- Standard deviation and other
measures of dispersion:
The dispersion, the range, mean
deviation, the variance, coefficient of variation.
5- Vital statistics:
Introduction, birth measures,
crude birth rate, fertility rate, fecundity rate, death
measures, crude death rate, sex-specified death rate,
age-specified death rate, infant mortality rate, life table.
6- Regression and correlation:
Simple and multiple
regression, simple and multiple correlation, methods of
estimation, rank correlation coefficient.
7- Testing hypothesis:
Introduction, level of
significance, statistical hypothesis, testing hypothesis
8- Selected tests:
F-test, T-test, CHI-SQUARE
test, test of independence, CONTINGENCY coefficient and
other tests
9- Elements of sampling:
Introduction, selected
definitions, selection of random sample, sampling with and
without replacement, estimation of sample size, stratified
random sample, random cluster sample, two-stage sample,
two-phase sample.
10- Probability theory:
General principle, events and
sample space, probability events, operations events,
combinatriol analysis, permutation and combinations,
mathematical expectation, Bayes theory.
11- Probability distribution:
Discrete probability
distribution, BINOMIAL distribution, NEGATIVE BINOMIAL
distribution, GEOMETRIC distribution, POISON distribution,
continuous probability distribution, NORMAL distribution,
UNIFORM distribution, GAMMA distribution, EXPONENTIAL
distribution, CHI-SQUARE distribution, BETA.
V) PSYCHOLOGY AND MEDICAL
SOCIOLOGY:
Objectives:
The educational objectives of
psychology and medical sociology:
Have knowledge of principles of
psychology and medical sociology.
Acquire knowledge of the
personality behaviour and psychological health.
Explain of society in relation
to health.
Understand theories of the
social values, social medicine, preventive, and social
welfare.
Correlate objectively between
psychology, medical sociology and pharmacy.
Contents:
1- Psychological
principles
2- Personality
3- Biological Basic of
Behaviour
4- Mental processes:
Sensation, Conceit, Emotion
5- Mental abilities
6- Motor skills
7-
Motives
8- Psychological health
9-
Psychotherapy
10- Behavioural Medicine
11- The principles of medical
sociology
12- Sociology of medicine
13- Sociology of
hospital
14- Preventive method
15- Professional
medicine
16- Psychological and social
medicine
17- Social welfare, Preventive
method, Professional medicine, Psychological and social
medicine, Social welfare.
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